Case Study on Childrens Families Intervention

Presentation The social work process has changed drastically inside the mediation of kid security. The accompanying paper will talk about the procedure in the course of the most recent three decades. Additionally it examines the significant changes including a few techniques and aptitudes which have created. Furthermore a foundation of the emergency mediation is examined. The lawful talk has likewise been powerful inside changing the procedure particularly the Children’s Act 1989. This is obviously talked about inside this paper. A basic investigation of the procedure is incorporated, with giving specific consideration to morals and qualities. The youth assurance intercession has been moved from a kid arranged methodology, whereby mediation was for the most part centered straightforwardly towards the youngster. This procedure is presently one of an unassuming assortment of pilot ventures to one trading off of a multidimensional space of hypothesis. While during the 1970s youth assurance was changing to another period, which comprised of critical social changes. Society started to present another arrangement of creating precaution work to help kids and families. This made a genuinely necessary help for families, comprising of play gatherings and youth clubs. The early strategies utilized inside the youth mediation was amazingly feeble whereby appraisals were not generally embraced or finished with no accentuation on time cutoff points to finish evaluations. The investigation point of view was feeble and small arranging was given. There was little accentuation on social laborers brilliantly making notes, with no away from or desires for the premise of mediation. These techniques at that point featured certain issues which comprised of duplication and redundancy of data. Moreover data was not shared openly to join a multiagency viewpoint. The mediating procedure has been changed to one of an enormous financial, social and mechanical change to bargain an all encompassing methodology. As of now intercession centers around the administration client being the focal point of the work with a customized procedure. One procedure as often as possible utilized inside kid security is the emergency intercession. Its hypothetical starting points have ascended from fluctuated sources and contained one of a psychoanalytic reasoning viewpoint. Emergency intercession was featured by Lindemann (1944) investigation of distress with the responses of survivors and family members following a dance club fire. He inferred that they all mutual five comparable responses of blame, threatening vibe, pre occupation with the picture of the perished, substantial pain and loss of example of lead. Lindemann additionally found that individuals required support to morn. Caplin (1964) proceeds to clarify that the issue in which an individual countenances â€Å"stimuli which signals risk to a central need fulfillment and the conditions are to such an extent that constant critical thinking strategies are ineffective inside the time range of past desires for success†(Caplin 1964). Rapoport (1967) conceptualized the mediation procedure specific inside the underlying stage, alluded to now as appraisal. In which customers ought to have quick access to laborers in an emergency circumstance. The emergency mediation has now proceeded onward to impact adapting capacities inside the quick emergency and not center around long haul treatments such at C. B. T, which can be followed up later when the administration client has risen up out of the underlying emergency. Roberts (1991) structured a seven phase model of emergency mediation, which is to be utilized as a guide for surveying. He additionally accepted arrangement centered treatment ought to be fused simultaneously as the emergency intercession. Roberts additionally expresses that emergency intercession ought to come full circle with a reclamation of subjective working, emergency goals and psychological dominance (Roberts 2000) However a pundit point of view is that if such mediation isn't taken care of effectively it might cause twist reality, maladaptive adapting procedures, O’Hagan (1991) trusts it is time constrained, inside a productive period. Parker (1992) planned an emergency intercession stream outline which is utilized to survey a referral to emergency mediation. The emergency hypothesis is utilized to enhance social working accordingly empowering decisions and amplifying regard, so the administration client can engage themselves and carry on with an autonomous life. Despite the fact that the emergency mediation process has pushed ahead, it might fall flat in certain parts of assorted variety to assess various societies, social orders since it was commonly evolved in a western system along these lines it comprises some western social presumptions . Middleton (1970) finds the procedure of appraisal immovably with regards to social work esteems and states â€Å" regard for singular distinction is focal if the rocess won't dis enable the individual however improve their qualities and adapting capacities. The current appraisal process is presently observed as a workmanship and science and in setting is substantially more committed towards social specialists including astuteness, aptitudes, to acknowledge decent variety and balance. With utilizin g a human decent variety system process. Clifford (1998) portrays the entomb associated components in appraisal. As â€Å"assessment needs to participate in logical, hypothetical, creative, moral and pragmatic elements† (Clifford 1998). Evaluations are currently observed as a continuous liquid and dynamic procedure and social laborers are utilizing this structure. It serves to decidedly recognize that improvement and changes in people’s lives is a persistent procedure. (Hepworth, Rooney and Larsen 1997) recommended a subsequent method to classify appraisal in social work is inside a period explicit plan. The procedures of appraisals incorporate the thought of Fooks (2002) joint development of an account trade model, by making the administration client the master. Coulshed and Orme (2006) depict how evaluations might be comprehended by its center procedures, its motivation of hypothetical base. The hypothetical base may likewise impact the procedure of appraisal and could be identified with that comparative of individual qualities and convictions. The evaluation procedure has changed from one of administration drove process, which simply centered around pathology and seemed to overlook administration user’s qualities to change. To a customized procedure whereby setting the emphasis on administration client inclusion at the focal point of mediation. By utilizing this in evaluation it can emphatically expand on administration clients qualities to help guarantee hostile to abusive practice, with an accentuation on self obligation. Saleeby states â€Å" the qualities viewpoints centers around positives with the aim of expanding inspiration, limit and potential for making genuine and educated life choice† (Saleeby, D. 2006). With an accentuation on utilizing the C. P. R model. Appraisals embraced now are to think about a wide assortment of variables; for instance nature, living framework, culture and decent variety which can affect on the administration client. Social laborers are presently receiving new methodologies in appraisal for instance â€Å"to thoroughly consider of the box† . Subsequently safeguarding a multi disciplinary methodology and comprehensive diagram to think about all parts of the administration user’s life. The standards of mediation and appraisal are to guarantee it is youngster focused; utilizing educated kid advancement theory’s inside the system to advance fairness. With including interagency administrations to construct qualities, with the understanding that it will be a persistent procedure to embrace change and engage administration clients. The Department of Health (2000) distributed its own structure for evaluation to guarantee appraisals secure the prosperity of kids and gives an efficient method of dissecting youngsters inside their family and more extensive network. This structure focuses on the enactment of the Children’s Act 1989. The lawful talk is a challenged space it has impacted the procedure of youngster intercession from multiple points of view. As characterized by Ball (1996) â€Å"the collection of rules whereby a humanized society keeps up request and controls its inner undertakings as between one individual and another, and among people and the state† (Ball 1996). Legitimate talk is isolated into two territories, the legal law which is the current enactment. The children’s Act (1989) was actualized to change the procedure of mediation to guarantee all kids are secured not simply helpless youngsters, which was the fundamental focal point of past intercession. This changed the evaluation procedure to incorporate numerous youngsters from various foundations and societies, making this law featured the significance that a kid from any foundation and culture is ensured. Prior intercession appeared to concentrate on the lower, common laborers or families in destitution. The demonstration sets out rules to advance and guarantee prosperity and correspondence for all youngsters. The demonstration advances that kids ought to be best kept inside the family home except if the case is in outrageous conditions of misuse or disregard. Bowlby features that kids need secure connection, thusly advancing the prosperity of all youngsters inside their nuclear family. Youngsters were not, at this point expelled as fast from their family encompasses and set into organizations and care for the dread of maternal depravation. Bowlby’s hypothesis featured, if a kid doesn't shape a protected connection it could altogether weaken their future emotional well-being. Another part of legitimate talk is the situation law which was built up by past case reasoning’s and case discoveries. It tends to be alluded to, to help change enactment and to maintain a strategic distance from pointless missteps inside the mediation procedure; the laming report (2003) was utilized along these lines to assist with guaranteeing no further such cases as the heartbreaking demise of Victoria Climbie would happen once more. The lawful talk is utilized to advance social work esteems and morals, therefore guaranteeing social equity to secure and guarantee the prosperity all things considered. Anyway a pundit can be taken from (Dung 1984) he is conce

Unilever Pakistan: Motivation From HRM

Unilever Pakistan: Motivation From HRM Presentation: There is no uncertainty that associations in the advanced world have put extraordinary significance in the improvement of the human asset the executives. This is on the grounds that associations try to choose, enlist, hold and staff the best ability to the workforce. Prizes techniques are one of the primary elements of human asset the board. Undoubtedly, these capacities are set to build the inspiration of their workforce and stay away from any disappointment that may happen to the representatives. Various speculations of inspiration were thought of to clarify and dissect the conduct of representatives. What's more, many prize techniques were drilled so as to expand the inspiration of workers and appeal them. The fundamental point of this paper is the opportunity to investigate how global association of Unilever in Pakistan builds the inspiration of their representatives and manage any disappointment using reward frameworks as Unilever Pakistan confronting HR issue of absence of legi timate prize framework for the inspiration of workers and administrators. Since the limitations of the circumstance are requesting that the examination is directed through the HR directors of Unilever Pakistan to be remembered for the exploration it has been concluded that Maslow Hierarchy of Needs is the most fitting vehicle for testing the effect of remunerations. In Unilever Pakistan HR directors are answerable for evaluating levels of inspiration in the workforce and this will regularly be an emotional appraisal of levels by gatherings and not by people we feel this fortifies the decision of Maslows hypothesis with the end goal of the exploration. Foundation of Unilever Pakistan: Unilever Pakistan Limited is a worldwide association. Unilever PLC London is its parent gathering. Unilever is an European based organization with war room in London, and their offers are cited at the stock substitute of a few European nations. They bargain in a wide range of reap from creature staple to nourishments and cleansers in addition to other individual and customer items. The authoritative structure of Unilever Pakistan comprises that Unilever has its auxiliaries in more than 80 nations of the world, to which it spreads its immense comprehension and resources.Unilever has 500 working organizations in 80 nations. It has 0.3 million representatives and continues of deals in 23000 million pounds. Unilever has around 2000 workers in Pakistan. Mediations: The mediations pertinent to the circumstance of remuneration framework in Unilever are as per the following: Connection BETWEEN MOTIVATION AND REWARD: To evaluate the connection among inspiration and compensation of worldwide association of Unilever in Pakistan. The outcomes demonstrate that there is a gigantic connection among inspiration and prize. At Unilever Pakistan the most ideal approach to guarantee nonstop development in people groups execution is to constituent a Reward framework and the prize framework must accentuation on uplifting feedback as it is the best mean to rouse favored conduct. By encouraging feedback at Unilever Pakistan individuals put in more exertion in work with the goal that they may accomplish a prize of their difficult work and prize framework guarantee that their difficult work doesnt go uncompensated. So it unmistakably shows that at Unilever Pakistan there is a tremendous connection among inspiration and prize. An all around arranged and productive prize framework when overseen adequately would result into smooth associations change process consequently uplifting feedback of the ideal conduct would upgrade the presentation which demonstrates our examination goal of broad connection among inspiration and prize. At whatever point the word Motivation is utilized, the principal hypothesis that hits the idea is the Abraham Maslows chain of command of necessities. He examined the human practices and called attention to five fundamental needs of human brain research and presence in a chain of command. These essential needs (physiological, security, social, confidence and self realization or self satisfaction) can be viewed as fundamental objectives for any human. These essential needs or objectives have been organized into positioning and expound the example where people go for these in their lives (Goble, 2004). Keeps an eye on premier battle emerges for its reality and according to Maslow, physiological (hunger, rest, sex and so forth.) and security or assurance needs mirror similar endeavors. As first need is fulfilled the interest for the following one emerges and progressively the point is moved through these necessities individually lastly arrives at self realization. Albeit, basically these five needs exist in each one, yet the acknowledgment of the need possibly comes when the human satisfies the general standards to get equipped for that particular need. Actually, the genuine variable that fabricates the ground for the capability is the fulfillment of past needs. As indicated by the investigation, Job fulfillment of Employees Horticulture Case concentrates in Michigan, it has been demonstrated that the bosses and non administrative representatives contrast in regards agreeable to them with work segments. Managers see professional stability, achievement, relational relations and oversight as the most fulfilling factors at work environment. They see the activity itself and the organization as equivocal variables while the pay and working conditions as the cleanliness factors. Administrators are well-suited to be less disappointed with their prizes (Sara , Barry Kathleen, 2004). One of the most celebrated arrangement of this HR issue is that prizes by the workers at Unilever Pakistan can be granting them with paid leave by their chiefs as the affirmation of their admirable execution. Alongside that Supervisors must be compensated with pay increase inside the endorsed pay scope of their positions. Association at Unilever Pakistan must encourage their director to have a power to remunerate their representatives with yearly legitimacy increase because of their laudable work which has realized significant advantage to the association or office. Catchphrases: Positive support, conduct, reward, inspiration Prizes STRATEGIES TO INCREASE MOTIVATION: To survey the degree to which associations endeavor to utilize their prize techniques to build inspiration of their bosses at worldwide association of Unilever in Pakistan. Unilever Pakistan executing execution the board procedure should likewise not forget about factors which are basic for its prosperity and assess them at pre characterizes ordinary interims. Inputs must be portrayed in graphs in convenient way; entertainers must be esteemed through some token of appreciation. Entertainers surveys must be use as a chance to reflect how winning can be conceivable in accomplishing objectives and which practices must be embraced and these audits must be as successive as could be expected under the circumstances with the goal that the learning is sustained. Continuously set numerous intently reachable achievements rather than quarterly feasible achievements and at whatever point those achievements are accomplished commend them. There must be some other wellspring of criticism other than yearly execution examinations. Remember while structuring your associations program to be as unique and novel as could be expected under the circumstances and keep away from the plan to simply involve structures. (Reference: Pinder. C.:(1984) Work and inspiration; University of brutish Columbia;, Foresman and organization. ) Three suspicions plan Adams value hypothesis. To begin with, convictions that are created by individuals hold that the reasonable they get is impartial to the commitments they made for their work. Also, the hypothesis recommends that representative contrast their info and yield and the advantage they got with different workers information and yield. At last, in the event that a disparity is existed, at that point this will prompt the disappointment of the workers (Pinder 1984). Subsequently, this hypothesis gives HR director a few rules in to structure a prize framework that can be seen as equable by workers and maintain a strategic distance from any disappointment (Richard, 2008). Hertzberg gave five sparks in the work environment: acknowledgment, accomplishment, headway, obligation and the work itself. He separated helpers and cleanliness factors by proposing that inspirations point accomplishing work fulfillment over the long haul however cleanliness factors are centered around momentary fulfillment of the representatives (Gã ³mez Crowther, 2007). HR chiefs utilize various procedures to remunerate distinctive class of workers relying on their activity nature, capabilities, aptitudes, information, execution and their commitment in the efficiency of the association. Regarding best practice, various approaches of HR are just appropriate in various conditions (thrope and Homan 2000). Following are some broad practices in such manner: These prizes might be money related just as nonmonetary (Nelson, 2005). Life span pay plans Pay for execution procedures Pay work aptitudes and information Group based compensation bundles to advance collaborations Singular compensation plans Remuneration plans for Executives Motivations Benefit partaking regarding merit based rewards or by giving possession share through stocks Offering advantages and incidental advantages Giving solid occupation condition, adaptable working hours, relational and recreational exercises and so on. Prizes are given to underline or strengthen the specific properties like execution and unwaveringness and so forth relying on the vital objectives of the associations. The idea of traits and prizes shifts from association to association. Catchphrases: Motivation, reward, physiology Suggestions FOR POSSIBLE CHANGES: REWARDING AND MOTIVATION: To make suggestions for potential changes to rehearse at global association of Unilever in Pakistan. Certain arrangements of standards are planned remembering all the remarkable perspectives which are should have been provided food in structuring and assessing programs. Explicit: Ambiguity rises when there are hazy directions about the prizes and their necessary activities and this makes an antagonistic sense for the association in the heart and brain of the individuals. Keeping it basic, clear and explicit helps evacuate ambiguit

Entrepreneurship And Innovation Management Globalization and Competi

Question: Depict about the Entrepreneurship And Innovation Management for Globalization and Competition. Answer: Presentation Globalization and expanding number of new companies over the world have prompted expanded rivalry in each part of business(Zott, 2011). Because of unwinding of worldwide laws in business cross fringe deals and exchange have expanded and organizations are currently conveying assortment of techniques to extend their business. Anyway firing up or improvement of fruitful innovative undertakings requires huge duty of assets and conquering huge difficulties. Research mirrors that among new companies achievement rates are low to the tune of simply 33% bombing inside their initial a half year of business, rest inside the following three years neglect to endure. There is a solid observation with respect to karma winning among innovative outlook in maintaining their organizations. Effective procedure of pioneering business starts with the way toward making an imaginative plan of action. The extent of this report has attempted the case organization of Campbell Soup Company(Ross, 2006). Campbell is an American canned soup organization. It was set up in 1869 with central command in Camden, New Jersey, USA. The organization produces soups and different items that are dispersed across 120 nations around the world. Its items comprise of soups, V8, porridge pot, prepared tidbits, etc. The companys has a worker base of more than 23,000 individuals. The pioneering phases of the organization is comprehended and its plan of action advancement. The exposition further investigations qualities and shortcomings of the endeavors plan of action and the manner in which they have created later on. The organization was a fruitful food maker with forceful procurement and valuing methodology. The organization had endured colossal misfortunes in the year 1996 to 2000 which caused the organization to go into a condition of disturbance. The at that point, CEO of the organization Douglas Conant helped the organization recoup and turning out to be productive again(Dollinger, 2008). In spite of the fact that this isn't an instance of a perfect startup however the restoration procedure can be found in the light of enterprising life cycle. Examination Business people by and large advance new thoughts or methods of getting things done and the execute them diversely to frame organizations. The most significant part of pioneering adventures lies in the execution part of their shaped methodology. Execution incorporates three fundamental procedures including individuals, system and tasks. Henceforth, a business person needs to guarantee that he has an effective group who can effectively actualize system shaped by the entrepreneur(Hoy, 2006). In Campbell Soups in the wake of fizzling of the organizations once, the new CEO contrived consistent methodologies focusing at organization improvement, he expected to enjoy worker commitment programs. While consolidating in new and variable results of the organization it required gigantic responsibility from workers which was just conceivable through representative commitment programs. Consequently, the CEO understood the need of having a compelling group for the companys achievement. Enterprise life cycle involves five unmistakable phases of envisioning business openings, ideation and testing, plan of action age, asset obtaining and the board and execution. In the principal phase of the existence cycle a thought is created by motivation utilizing different devices and methods as brain mapping, visual reasoning, and client venture thus on(Kiron, 2013). For Campbell Soups this thought was unified around ad libbing item quality. This ready a significant test for the organization, which was very hard to achieve as they had proceeded with four years of more awful execution. Having a place with the basic food item segment that develops at 2% every year, the necessary objective appeared to be outlandish. When a thought is produced its goes for ideation and testing, in this stage answer for the issue is recognized and framed. Comes back from the food business depended on esteem that speculators get from their ventures. In this way, achievement or disappointment of any business was totally subject to its investors benefits, so as to inspire the equivalent the organization began executing worker commitment programs. Ideation and testing for the organization started by defining nonstop improvement objectives for the company(Ricart, 2011). Figure 1 : Approach of Entrepreneurship Innovation Source : (Alexander, 2010) The third and most imperative advance of the pioneering cycle is Business Model Generation which is a usage stage for the business. It requires making of the Business Model Canvas that requires Value Chain Analysis to be applied. Plan of action producing is the principal stage for an innovative cycle and a business person ought to in a perfect world create, structure and tests potential models for the business. Having different models for the business permits business people with selection of alternatives to test each before their application. While age of imaginative thoughts for the business, a business visionary should perceive troublesome advances, innovations(Alexander, 2010). For Campbell Soups plan of action advancement focused on making phenomenal investor esteem. The organization expected to create plan of action by being an innovator in the commercial center, alongside winning in its own work environment. Along these lines, they connected accomplishment at their work enviro nment to make winning atmosphere in the outside condition of the organization. Figure 2 : Business Model Canvas Source : (Vargas, 2015) A Business Model Canvas (BMC) is a vital administration instrument that business people use for recording their organizations. It incorporates companys items offer, client, accounts, framework by adjusting them to their latent capacity exchange offs. The above figure is a perfect portrayal of BMC that utilizations key assets of the firm to offer some incentive to its clients. Campbell Soups plan of action was structured by conforming to the BMC for the company(Chesbrough, 2007). Key Activities: Its key exercises in business, which incorporates actualizing companys offer concerning Campbell Soups its incentive was concentrated on production of soups of differing types that could fulfill the taste buds of clients and along these lines increment companys piece of the overall industry. Distinct advantages: These can be seen as assets that makes an incentive for clients and these are resources for the company(Sharma, 2011). Campbell Soups CEO understood that workers are the most esteemed asset for the organization and can start and help carry a change into the present business forms. Hence the distinct advantages, being HR once they were analyzed, there were commitment programs for helping them execute the systems for being a remarkable organization. Contenders of the organization had high commitment proportions for its workers to infer serious qualities for their organizations as well(Drucker, 2014). Accomplice Network: This suggestion in the canvas assists organizations with decreasing dangers of its plan of action by improving purchaser provider relationship. Campbell Soups was centered around getting an incentive from its whole worth chain with a generally connected with organize. The CEO of the organization accepts that for the whole organization and its procedures to be creative and uncommon worth should be gotten from the whole worth chain and not simply from just items. Incentives: These are assortment of items to satisfy clients needs and desires. This enables an organization to set up its center competency and separate itself from its rivals by significant serious advantage(Trimi, 2012). Campbell Soups first sort of advancement was microwaveable soups which was begun in 2002 called Soup at Hand. This item pulled in high number of clients and drove the organization to turning out to be $250 million microwaveable soup business. Second imaginative result of the organization was soups with low sodium content, this pulled in a ton of senior purchasers. They made 43 kinds of low sodium assortment soups with the assistance of regular ocean salt and other technology(Nguyen, 2010). This item made a buzz and wound up being another $400million item band. At that point he organization presented V8 vegetable juice and V8 Fusion which was vegetable juice with natural product juice. This item was very much acknowledged by clients as it had high medical advantage s related with it and a sweet flavor that spoke to their taste buds. Client Segment: Customers are the wellspring of income for a business, consequently a business needs to distinguish its objective market segment(Kirzner, 2015). For Campbell Soups items was offered for a wide range of clients sexual orientations, pay gatherings, age gatherings and geographic sections. Its soups have great taste and are a solid nibbling elective that effectively fulfill taste buds of people. Its further item expansion causes in taking care of a more extensive market section. Channels: An organization needs to build up relationship with its clients through a legitimate channel. Campbell Soups has a built up channel for circulation of its different sorts of soups and squeezes. It showcases its items by utilization of retail merchants, grocery stores, stores and other outlets(Johnson, 2008). Client Relationships: For making food for their organizations, organizations need to distinguish connections it needs to make with its clients portions. Campbell Soups takes part in networks to help get input from its clients. Further it has a site and email address where clients can give input and any complaints to the organization. Accounts: It envelops the ramifications for working under the predefined plan of action. For Campbell Soups the essential spotlight was to improve year on year and to convey comes back to speculators. By executing its field-tested strategies and model it has had the option to accomplish 16% every year surpassing all rivals in the market(Frederick, 2007). The most significant measures for the organization was to get sufficient profits for the capital put resources into the firm and through appropriate arranging it has been a

Definition of Ethical and Legal Writing Assignment - 275 Words

Definition of Ethical and Legal Writing Assignment (Coursework Sample) Content: Definition of Ethical and LegalStudent NameInstitutional AffiliationDefinition of Ethical and LegalDefinition of EthicalThe term ethical refers to an equitable, just, and fair dealing with people which conforms to high standards of the public conduct although it can be flexible according to how the situation and times are. This term can be interchanged with the word moral. An ethical behavior is where an individual act in ways that are consistent with society expectations. Ethical behavior is good for business as it involves the act of demonstrating respect for moral principles like fairness, honesty, diversity, dignity and individual rights.Definition of LegalThe term legal refers to something that is permitted or conforms to the law. It also means the thing is enforced or recognized by law other than through equity. The term also refers to those things that are concerned or relate to the law. If something is legal, it is allowable or acceptable under official rules. ExampleIn marketing, there is a very thin line between manipulation and persuasion. Some marketing tacti...

Environmental Costs of Hydrofracking

Natural gas drilling with high volume horizontal hydraulic fracturing (hereafter referred to as fracking) has exploded onto the energy scene in the last 5 or 6 years, and the promise of vast stores of natural gas under American soil has prompted a true natural gas rush. Once the technology was developed, new drill rigs appeared all over landscapes in Pennsylvania, Ohio, West Virginia, Texas, and Wyoming. Many have worries about the environmental consequences of this new approach to drilling; here are some of those concerns. Drill Cuttings During the drilling process, large amounts of ground up rock, mixed with drilling mud and brine, are pulled out of the well and transported off the site. This waste then gets buried in landfills. Beside the large waste volume that needs to be accommodated, a concern with drill cuttings is the presence of naturally occurring radioactive materials in them. Radium and uranium can be found in drill cuttings (and produced water – see below) from a proportion of wells, and these elements eventually leach out of the landfills into the surrounding ground and surface waters. Water Use Once a well has been drilled, large amounts of water are pumped into the well at very high pressure to fracture the rock in which the natural gas is located. During a single fracking operation on a single well (wells can be fracked multiple times over their lifetime), on average 4 million gallons of water are used. This water is pumped from streams or rivers and trucked to the site, bought from municipal water sources, or is reused from other fracking operation. Many are concerned about these important water withdrawals, and worried that it may lower the water table in some areas, leading to dry wells and degraded fish habitat. Fracking Chemicals A long, varying list of chemical additives is added to the water in the fracking process. The toxicity of these additives is variable, and many new chemical compounds are created during the fracking process as some of the added ingredients break-down. Once the fracking water returns to the surface, it needs to be treated before disposal (see Water Disposal below). The amount of chemicals added represents a very small fraction of the total volume of fracking water (around 1%). However, this very small fraction detracts from the fact that in absolute terms it is rather large volumes that are used. For a well requiring 4 million gallons of water, about 40,000 gallons of additives are pumped in. The greatest risks associated with these chemicals occur during their transportation, as tanker trucks must use the local roads to bring them to the drill pads. An accident involved spilled contents would have significant public safety and environmental consequences.   Water Disposal A large proportion of the prodigious amounts of water pumped down the well flows back up when the well starts producing natural gas. Besides the fracking chemicals, brine that was naturally present in the shale layer comes back up, too. This amounts to a large volume of liquid that is released into a lined pond, then pumped into trucks and transported to either be recycled for other drilling operations, or to be treated. This â€Å"produced water† is toxic, containing fracking chemicals, high concentrations of salt, and sometimes radioactive materials like radium and uranium. Heavy metals from the shale are of concern too: produced water will contain lead, arsenic, barium, and strontium for example. Spills from failed retention ponds or botched transfers to trucks do happen and have an impact on local streams and wetlands. Then, the water disposal process is not trivial. One method is injection wells. Waste water is injected into the ground at great depths under impermeable rock layers. The extremely high pressure used in this process is blamed for earthquake swarms in Texas, Oklahoma, and Ohio. The second way fracking waste water can be disposed of is in industrial wastewater treatment plants. There have been problems with ineffective treatments at Pennsylvania municipal water treatment plants, so that practice has now ended and only approved industrial treatment plants can be used. Casing Leaks The deep wells used in horizontal hydrofracking are lined with steel casings. Sometimes these casings fail, allowing fracking chemicals, brines, or natural gas to escape into the shallower rock layers and severely contaminating ground water that may reach the surface of be used for drinking water. An example of this problem, documented by the Environmental Protection Agency, is the Pavillion (Wyoming) groundwater contamination case.   Greenhouse Gases and Climate Change Methane is a major component of natural gas, and a very powerful greenhouse gas. Methane can leak from damaged casings, well heads, or it may be vented during some phases of a fracking operation. Combined, these leaks have significant negative impacts on the climate. Carbon dioxide emissions from burning natural gas are much lower, per quantity of energy produced, than from burning oil or coal. Natural gas would then seem to be a reasonably good alternative to more CO2 intensive fuels. The problem is that throughout the entire production cycle of natural gas, a great deal of methane is released, negating some or all of the climate change advantages natural gas seemed to have over coal. Ongoing research will hopefully provide answers as to which is least damaging, but there is no doubt that mining and burning natural gas produces great amounts of greenhouse gases and thus contributes to global climate change. Habitat Fragmentation Well pads, access roads, waste water ponds, and pipelines crisscross the landscape in natural gas producing regions. This fragments the landscape, reducing the size of wildlife habitat patches, isolating them from one another, and contributing to detrimental edge habitat. Peripheral Aspects Fracking for natural gas in horizontal wells is an expensive process that can only be done economically at high density, industrializing the landscape. Emissions and noise from diesel trucks and compressor stations have negative impacts on the local air quality and overall quality of life. Fracking requires large amounts of equipment and materials which themselves are mined or produced at high environmental costs, notably steel and frac sand. Environmental Benefits? At the local scale, the land footprint from fracking operations, especially once the well has been established and the drill rig is gone, is smaller than that of coal strip mines, mountain-top removal mines, or tar sands fields. The footprint of thousands of wells and pipeline right-of-ways over an entire region do add up, though.Natural gas from Marcellus, Barnett, or other North American shale deposits allows us to rely on a domestic source of energy.   That means less energy spent transporting fossil fuels from overseas, and more importantly maintaining the ability to have stricter environmental controls over the entire energy production process. Source Duggan-Haas, D., R.M. Ross, and W.D. Allmon. 2013. The Science Beneath the Surface: A Very Short Guide to the Marcellus Shale. Paleontological Research Institute.

Romeo and Juliet Night - Rejoice or Rebel - 880 Words

Romeo and Juliet: Night - Rejoice or Rebel? Night can be seen in two contrasting ways. The first can be summarized as a time for celebration and love. The second, and most commonly associated with night, is a time of darkness and horror. Two shining examples of the different emotions and reactions brought on by darkness are the books Night by Elie Wiesel and Romeo and Juliet by well-known author, William Shakespeare. In Romeo and Juliet night has a positive image, a welcomed time for love, protection and exchanging of covenants, while in Night the image is portrayed in a negative way, a time for fear, suffering, and death. Night in the great romances is a greeted time of romance and in Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet a time to hide†¦show more content†¦To everybodys life there must come an end, but this end was often brutally cut short in concentration camps during the wickedness of night. The Germans killed uncountable numbers of Jewish people during the darkening skies, nights coming, through hangings. An example that stands out particularly well transpires in nights darkness when a child is being hanged with two adults for destroying an electric power station. For more than half an hour he stayed there, struggling between life and death, dying in slow agony before our eyes. (Wiesel 62) Elie almost succumbs to death during the long march in the cold and bitter night, but doesnt give in to deaths beckoning because of his father. Death wrapped itself around me till I was stifled. (Wiesel 82) But Elies father, his condition gradually declining because of dysentery, is eventually taken off to the crematories during nights unforgiving harshness, while possibly still alive. In conclusion, I think we should have more of a open mind when thinking about the meaning of night and not just look upon it with a one-sided point of view. These two books are excellent examples of how night can be both full of passion and full ofShow MoreRelatedEssay on Gender Inequality in the Song of Songs5212 Words   |  21 Pagesthey pertained to love, he cites that the couple in the work are not married or getting married as yet (Fox 231). In fact, because the female persona clearly still lives with her family, Fox insists that the characters are likely the age of Romeo and Juliet, about 13-16. To Fox, the language of the speakers also suggests emotional youth (Fox xii). Scholars have also debated as to whether the Song is even poetry at all. The Mosoretic text of 1008 c.e., the Hebrew source most interpreters use

Help from an Unexpected Friend Essay Example For Students

Help from an Unexpected Friend Essay Today, I feel good with myself. I’m studying, working, writing, reading, going to the gym, listening to what other people say with attention, but one day, not all was well. There were drugs, crazy parties, bad companies, racism and a lot of bad things. I was also young and stupid. We need bangs to grow up, but there are some bangs from which people cannot (literally) stand up. I needed help, and someone gave it to me. But not just anybody, he was one from a race and religion that I despised. I needed help and someone gave it to me. I had taken a vacation, and when I came back, I noticed some change in my social circle. They were taking a lot of drugs. Of course we had been doing that, but just for experiments (what is so bad too), for now it was every moment that they can do it. I thought, â€Å"Well, we are a pack† so I started in it too. One day my parents left our house for a work travel, I was â€Å"home alone,† so I called three girls and two friends got stoned. They bought everything, alcohol and drugs too (of course). You can imagine what we were thinking to do, go crazy in a hard and really bad way. That night a friend come to my house. He is an Arabic person. I hated that race, I thought that every single Arab was a crazy person, more if they are not Christian or some â€Å"normal† religion. Do you believe it? I don’t know what I had in my head. I knew that my â€Å"crazy† Arabic friend didn’t use drugs, so I started to disturb him for that. After when drugs took hold, I screamed him â€Å"get out of my house. Not matter the situation, you have to be really rude to do that. Today, seven years later, I still feel shame for my attitude. He went out. We, my two friends and the girls, started to take what we hadnt yet. The next day, I felt physically so bad and confused. My memories were like pictures with flash. When I was thinking about the last night, I heard someone calling me through the door. It was my friend, my Arabic friend. I could not believe it. In that moment I remembered my attitude with him. I felt very sorry, I can’t explain it. He talked to me about life, about women, about how to have success and fail in life, and many other things. It was a very important moment in my life. It changed to me. A person who is from a race and religion that I hated changed me in a good way. You don’t know who can change your point of view. I that case it was a person from a culture that I hated. Now, Ive grown up, and I don’t think like I used to think, and I know what was wrong with me. But that conversation with my friend, real friend, was an very important step in my life. A real help from a real man.